NASA has tested solid-state battery prototypes that could help power future lunar exploration under its Artemis programme. Developed through the SPEARS project, the cells replace conventional liquid electrolytes with ceramic- or polymer-based materials. Liquid electrolytes can freeze in extreme cold, suffer performance problems in excessive heat and evaporate if exposed to the vacuum of space. The solid-state approach aims to improve resilience and reduce fire hazards, with potential applications including tools, lunar rovers, scientific instruments and astronauts’ emergency equipment.
Thermal vacuum testing at NASA’s Langley Research Centre in Virginia showed that the prototypes operated well between minus 60°C and 80°C, and continued functioning at minus 80°C with slightly reduced performance. They also survived exposure to temperatures ranging from minus 170°C to 100°C without damage. Crucially, survival is distinct from operation: the cells cannot deliver power at minus 170°C and would require small heaters to restore an operating temperature. Since continuous heating would not be necessary, the design could reduce reliance on heavy thermal-management systems. Night-time temperatures at the Moon’s South Pole can fall to minus 200°C.
Launched in 2026, SPEARS is led by NASA’s Glenn Research Centre in Ohio, while Ames Research Centre in California is developing test boards and electronics for future spaceflight testing. Researchers can adjust electrode materials to tailor energy capacity, power output and durability to different uses. The technology may also have applications in aircraft, drones, vehicles and portable electronics. Nevertheless, the batteries remain small laboratory prototypes, have not been demonstrated in space and require further development before operational use.
