NASA is developing batteries that could support future Moon missions through its SPEARS project. Unlike conventional batteries, which contain liquid that can freeze, these designs use solid materials inside. They could eventually power tools, lunar vehicles, scientific instruments and astronauts’ emergency equipment under NASA’s Artemis programme.
During tests at NASA’s Langley Research Centre in Virginia, small prototype batteries worked well between minus 60°C and 80°C. They also operated at minus 80°C, although their performance fell slightly. The batteries survived exposure to temperatures ranging from minus 170°C to 100°C without damage. However, surviving extreme cold does not mean they can provide power at that temperature: they cannot operate at minus 170°C.
Small heaters would warm the batteries before use, rather than keeping them warm continuously. This could reduce the need for heavy temperature-control equipment. The Moon’s South Pole can reach minus 200°C at night, making reliable power a challenge. The batteries remain small laboratory prototypes and have not yet been tested in space. Further development and testing are needed before they are ready for use on missions.
